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Atoms, Molecules and Chemical Bonding | Kerala PSC LDC

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  1. Fact 1 of 8

    Father of modern atomic theory

    John Dalton proposed the modern atomic theory in the early 1800s, stating that matter is made of indivisible atoms. He is often called the Father of Atomic Theory, a favourite PSC question.

  2. Fact 2 of 8

    Who discovered the electron?

    J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 using cathode ray tube experiments. He also proposed the 'plum pudding' model of the atom.

  3. Fact 3 of 8

    The nucleus was found with gold foil

    Ernest Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus through his gold foil (alpha particle scattering) experiment. He showed that most of an atom is empty space.

  4. Fact 4 of 8

    The neutron came last

    James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932, and it won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935. The neutron has no charge, which made it hard to detect.

  5. Fact 5 of 8

    Hydrogen: the atom without a neutron

    Protium, the most common isotope of hydrogen, has one proton and no neutrons. It is the only stable atom without a neutron in its nucleus.

  6. Fact 6 of 8

    Salt is held by ionic bonds

    In sodium chloride, sodium gives an electron to chlorine, forming Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ions held by an ionic (electrovalent) bond. Ionic compounds usually have high melting points.

  7. Fact 7 of 8

    Sharing electrons makes a covalent bond

    A covalent bond forms when atoms share electron pairs, as in water (H₂O) and methane (CH₄). Gilbert N. Lewis explained this electron-pair sharing in 1916.

  8. Fact 8 of 8

    Avogadro's magic number

    One mole of any substance contains about 6.022 × 10²³ particles, known as Avogadro's number. It links the atomic scale to grams we can weigh.

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